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Heirarchy and Modularity



Graphics from acadmic publication, “Modularity and hierarchy in biological systems: Using gene regulatory networks to understand evolutionary change” in Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2021 


A visual framework to understand the concepts of modularity and hierarchy in biological systems.
Animal development is a process of increasing modularization, which can be depicted as a hierarchy.







Using the hierarchy of gene regulatory networks to understand the evolutionary process of co-option.

Comparative framework to understand gene regulatory network (GRN) changes during evolution.